When in the year 1300 the standard for silver in England was set at 11 ounces and two pennyweights in the Troy pound (925 parts in 1000), it was related to money and as far as wrought plate was concerned it had to be as good as money. The Statute 28 Ewd. Cap. XX which introduced this standard reads as follows: "It is ordained, That no Goldsmith of England, nor none otherwhere within the King's Dominions, shall from henceforth....... work worse silver than money".

This requirement that wrought plate be closely related to money, or sterling as it has always been known, has, over the centuries, given rise to problems for the Wardens of the Goldsmiths' Company who have always assiduously applied what they believed to be their responsibility in upholding this law.

In 1477 for instance The Royal Mint introduced a new silver coin, known to have been of a lower standard than sterling, which was called the "Double Plakke". A piece of a trial plate of 1526 still exists that proves out at 885 parts in a thousand and it is assumed that that was the standard used in the minting of this new coin.

The Wardens at Goldsmiths' Hall were now faced with the problem that it would be perfectly legal for their Freemen to produce plate of less than sterling standard so long as that plate was not less than 885 parts in 1000 fine! All the evidence is that the Assayer continued to use the sterling standard for his assay and indeed an Act (17. Edw VI. Stat.1 c 1) was passed in that year stating that the Wardens would be liable to a fine if they passed sub-standard plate through their assay. There is no evidence that any silversmiths tried to submit plate of this lower standard so that this problem seems to have been overcome amicably and the following year the alphabetical letter, now known as the date letter, was introduced to identify who the Wardens were in any given year in which plate had been assayed.

The Wardens continued to enforce what they understood to be the law when King Henry VIII debased the coinage of the realm. By the reign of Edward VI there were only three ounces of fine silver in the pound in English coin which means that, had the Wardens at Goldsmiths' Hall followed the Statute of 1300 literally, silversmiths would have been turning out wares virtually made of copper since this is the base metal with which silver is alloyed.

There are no references in the minute books at Goldsmiths' Hall to this problem although it is widely believed that the lion passant guardant, commonly known as the "sterling lion", was introduced by the Wardens to show that they had taken the decision to maintain the old sterling standard. It is certainly true that plate of this period struck with this mark is of genuine sterling standard.

In October 1551 the standard for silver coin newly minted was restored and was even 1dwt better than sterling but there was quite a bit of earlier coin still in circulation and this gave rise to an anomalous situation since there were now quite obviously coins of the same face value that were intrinsically of quite different values.

Lord Burleigh, who was the Lord Treasurer was greatly concerned at this unsatisfactory state of affairs but it was not until 8 November 1560 that he introduced an indenture that restored the old standard for all coin. The wording of this indenture, however, gave rise to a major problem.

The method of assay at both the Mint and at Goldsmiths' Hall was cupellation and this entails the placing of a small crucible, known as a cupel, made of bone ash in a furnace. The cupel is charged with a small quantity of lead together with the sample to be assayed. When molten the lead and all impurities, including the alloy, are absorbed into the cupel so that what is left is pure silver. This can then be weighed against the alloyed metal to show how much alloy was in the original sample.

There is, however, a problem with this method in that a small amount of silver (about 2dwt) is also absorbed along with the impurities so that a sample that is of 11oz 2dwt fineness before assay will prove out at only 11oz because 2dwt will have been "lost in the fire" The wording of the indenture seemed to imply that the final assay had to be 11oz 2dwt fine so that the original sample would need to be 11oz 4dwt to allow for this loss in the fire!

The silversmiths of the day were unhappy about this interpretation since wrought plate would now have to be 11oz 4dwt fine which was 2dwt better than sterling. Although by the 1580s the Mint had reverted to the old standard for coin the Wardens at Goldsmiths' Hall would not alter their view of what the indenture of 1560 implied and this resulted in much acrimony between Richard Martin, Warden of the Mint, and Thomas Keeling, Common Assayer to the Goldsmiths& Company.

The silversmiths felt that if coin could now be 11oz 2dwt again then so could wrought plate and there was considerable ill feeling between the Freemen of the Company and its Wardens. It was not until 1629 when Edward Holle, a specialist spoon maker, brought a successful action in the Court of Exchequer against John Reynolds Assayer to the Goldsmiths& Company, his assistant and the Touchwarden for breaking spoons which were of "Mint" standard that the Company was forced to revert to the old standard again (note 1).

There was a divergence between the standard for coin and that for wrought plate between 1697 and 1720 when, for economic reasons, the Government of the day introduced what is now known as the Britannia standard but apart from this variation in the law the Goldsmiths' Company have always been faithful to their understanding of what was required of them in upholding the standard of silver in England (and now Britain). I am pleased to say that although there has been no silver at all in coin of the realm for many years now, wrought plate assayed in Britain is still of sterling standard!

ENDNOTE

note 1: J.S.Forbes - Hallmark - A History of The London Assay Office - pp 110/111